Review of Selected Storms Papers
© Alan Fletcher 2023-2025
Review of Li v4 7/6/25Review of Storms v4 7/4/26
Proposal v2 4/11/24
Cell Details v2 4/12/24
Li Papers
Storms 2013 : The Role of Voids as the Location of LENR https://jcmns.org/api/v1/articles/72221-the-role-of-voids-as-the-location-of-lenr.pdf (PDF download -- NOT on canr-lenr? )
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D4BPtwzsgiw This paper emphasizes the "Hydroton" as a candidate,
Storms 2015 : Explaining Cold Fusion
https://jcmns.org/article/72347-explaining-cold-fusion.pdf
Concentrates on Hydroton -- Fig 2 : detailed diagram of H : H : ....
(H is Hydroton either P:proton D:deuterium or T:tritium)
The NAE is a gap having a critically small size created by stress relief [17,18]. The gap size is limited by the physical size of the material in which it occurs and the morphology of the material in which the stress is generated. A source of such stress can be identified in all successful materials that have been studied [19–22]. The hydrogen nuclei assemble in the gap and form a covalent bonded molecule (Hydroton) with release of Gibbs energy, thereby stabilizing the gap to high temperatures. Each gap might host thousands of these molecular chains in various stages of formation and fusion. The chain resonates along its axis, which allows two nuclei to periodically get close enough to start the fusion process, but not close enough for the strong force to operate.
Storms has a new paper summarizing LENR - Storms 2023 (Preprint) (Updated 2024)
(This is pronanly superceeded by the 4/10/26 paper.)
A 10/23/25 Paper The nature of transmutation and its relationship to low-energy fusion of deuterium
https://www.lenr-forum.com/attachment/29578-the-nature-of-transmutation-caused-by-cold-fusion-pdf/
concentrates on the proposed nuclear reaction.
4/10/26 A Comprehensive Understanding of Cold Fusion
https://www.lenr-forum.com/attachment/29576-the-complete-explanation-pdf/
has another suggestion of an NAE structure. ("[The Hydroton] was an early description that has been expanded. I'm sure the NAE will be described in many different ways. We only need to know that a NAE is required and then search for the best way to create it.")
Preview of ICCF-27 Slides
https://www.lenr-forum.com/attachment/29489-iccf27-view-pdf/
He emphasises that the Pd/D Lattice is not sufficient, but that "Electrons form a new kind of collective in a physical flaw (NAE) created in a metal. "
For the Li (Tsinghua) system the likely implications are:
Before LENR can occur the Palladium Lattice must be loaded with Deuterium, forming Palladium Deuteride (PdD), with a D/Pd ratio of at least 0.8
LENR takes place at specific sites in the Palladium, which Storms calls a "Nuclear Active Environment" (NAE).Storms postulates that these are gaps (or cracks) on the surface, with a size somewhere in the range 2 to 20 nm.
When Deuterium enters a NAE it and the adjacent Pd can form a Nuclear Active Structure (NAS), the mechanism of which is unknown at present.
Storms' main candidate is a "hydroton" which forms at the bottom of a crack and is "locked" into pl;ace so that atomic vibrations will be constrained to the chain.
D - e - D - e - D ...
Other (historic) candidates are Hora/Miley's collisons of D's embedded in a "swimming" layer of electrons, and Li's Resonant Tunneling.
For the Pd/D system the most likely reaction is
(D+e+D) => 4H => 4He + e (fast decay) + ν (23.8 MeV)
and the primary observed products are Helium and Heat.
The rate at which the reaction occurs is strongly dependent on temperature: the rate of diffusion of D in Pd supplies the Deuterium in the gaps and allows the creation of a new NAS.
Storms also suggests that a stimulating electric current is needed, but the Li system supplies heat only.
4. The disk of the "Li" cell described in terms of "gaps"
Note: the Deuterium and reaction are shown as being inside the gap, but they might be on the surface, or at a shallow depth in the bulk.
Molecular Deuterium D2 dissociates, and enters the Palladium as D nuclei, which diffuse through the Pd and recombine into D2 on the right.
While the location of Nuclei (and inner electron orbits) are known, other electrons should be regarded as diffuse, and are "localized" as needed. For example, a D nucleus drifting from one side to the other will carry an average charge of only 0.5 electrons.
Although D in the lattice can be thought of as a gas, it in fact moves by hopping from one stable site to another.
There is no excess heat, and no Helium
B) Gap on the Left is the Right size.
D2 may enter the gap and dissociate into D.
The Gap and the surrounding Pd form a "Nuclear Active Environment" (NAE)
Some D which enters the gap creates a Nuclear Active Structure (NAS)
A nuclear reaction takes place
(D+e+D) = 4H = 4He + e (fast decay) + ν 23.8 MeV
If the Helium is in a wide-enough gap it can escape directly. Helium in the bulk diffuses very slowly, and may collect as internal bubbles.
The result is the production of Heat and Helium (on the left).
D enters the gap from the bulk and the 4H = 4He reaction takes place.
The Helium might be trapped, or diffuse slowly to the right. Storms (2026) suggests that 4H may escape via the lattice, and form He at the surface.
The result is the production of Heat - but Helium may be trapped, or escape very slowly to the right.
D) Gap at the Right is the Right size.
This is similar to the previous case, except that Helium can escape directly.
The result is the production of Heat and Helium (on the right).
E) (Not shown) Residual PdD and Hysteresis
At the end of a run which started with pure Pd the D remains in the lattice.
For the next run the lattice is already loaded, and the D will immediately diffuse through the Pd, so the reactions start immediately.
Notes:
The 2014 Pd film is described as 20mm diameter and 0.1mm thick. I suspect that under pressure (1 Bar 2013, 40 bar 2014) it might bulge slightly into the "vacuum room".